{"id":32907,"date":"2023-04-02T11:47:20","date_gmt":"2023-04-02T08:47:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/labcare.gr\/?p=32907"},"modified":"2023-04-18T23:57:30","modified_gmt":"2023-04-18T20:57:30","slug":"urinalysis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/labcare.gr\/en\/urinalysis\/","title":{"rendered":"Urinalysis"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<strong>About the test<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Urine analysis is a frequent and important test, performed during a routine check-up, for diagnostic purposes, during pregnancy as well as pre-operatively.<\/p>\n<p>It is used for screening of urinary tract infections, kidney and liver issues as well as diabetes.<\/p>\n<p>Urinalysis typically includes the following stages:<\/p>\n<p>1: Sample inspection<\/p>\n<p>2: Chemical dipstick test<\/p>\n<p>3: Microscopic examination<\/p>\n<p>1. Sample inspection<\/p>\n<p>During this stage the healthcare provider evaluates the following aspects:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Color<\/li>\n<li>Appearance<\/li>\n<li>Odor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2<sup>.<\/sup>. Chemical dipstick test<\/p>\n<p>The dipstick test uses a chemical strip that is submerged in the sample and changes color when exposed to different substances. A dipstick test may be used to check various aspects of the urine sample including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Specific gravity<\/li>\n<li>pH<\/li>\n<li>Leukocyte esterase<\/li>\n<li>Nitrites<\/li>\n<li>Protein<\/li>\n<li>Glucose<\/li>\n<li>Ketones<\/li>\n<li>Urobilinogen<\/li>\n<li>Bilirubin<\/li>\n<li>Hemoglobin<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>3. Microscopic examination<\/p>\n<p>After the sample is centrifuged, the sediment is examined microscopically for:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>White blood cells<\/li>\n<li>Red blood cells<\/li>\n<li>Bacteria<\/li>\n<li>Casts<\/li>\n<li>Crystals<\/li>\n<li>Mucous<\/li>\n<li>Lipid droplets<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Sample<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The first morning urine specimen is preferred.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Preparation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Before urination washing of the external genitalia with water and soap is required (Antiseptic soaps should be avoided). Rinsing of the area with abundant water and drying with a clean towel should follow.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Procedure<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The urine sample should be midstream and collected in a special, sterilized container. It should be then transferred to the laboratory within an hour. If this is not possible the sample may be maintained in the fridge for up to four hours.<\/p>\n<p>Toddlers: The sample is collected in special containers which look like small plastic bags.<\/p>\n<p>Individuals with a permanent catheter: The area is disinfected and the sample is collected from the ureteral tube.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Evaluation of results and indicative pathologic findings<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Test parameter<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Normal values<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Possible meanings of abnormal values<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\"><strong>Physical characteristics<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Color<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Clear<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Hematuria<\/li>\n<li>Jaundice<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Appearance<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Light yellow to amber<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Urine infection<\/li>\n<li>Nephrolithiasis<\/li>\n<li>Hematuria<\/li>\n<li>Drugs<\/li>\n<li>Food<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Odor<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Distinct, usually mild<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Urine infection<\/li>\n<li>Phenylketonuria<\/li>\n<li>Drugs<\/li>\n<li>Food<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\"><strong>Chemical characteristics<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Specific gravity<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>1005-1025<\/td>\n<td>Elevation:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dehydration<\/li>\n<li>Acute glomerulonephritis<\/li>\n<li>Diabetes mellitus<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Reduction:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Increased fluid intake<\/li>\n<li>Diuretics<\/li>\n<li>Diabetes insipidus<\/li>\n<li>Chronic pyelonephritis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>pH<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>5-7<\/td>\n<td>Elevation (alkaline pH):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bacteriuria<\/li>\n<li>Chronic renal failure<\/li>\n<li>Fanconi\u2019s syndrome<\/li>\n<li>Metabolic alkalosis<\/li>\n<li>Urine infection<\/li>\n<li>Starvation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Reduction (acidic pH):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dehydration<\/li>\n<li>Diabetes mellitus<\/li>\n<li>Metabolic acidosis<\/li>\n<li>Phenylketonuria<\/li>\n<li>Urine infection<\/li>\n<li>Renal tuberculosis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Leukocyte esterase<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Negative<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Urine infection<\/li>\n<li>Sample contamination with vaginal secretions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Nitrites<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Negative<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Urine infection<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Protein<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Negative<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Diabetes mellitus<\/li>\n<li>Malignant hypertension<\/li>\n<li>Glomerulonephritis<\/li>\n<li>Multiple myeloma<\/li>\n<li>Pyelonephritis<\/li>\n<li>Systemic lupus erythematosus<\/li>\n<li>High protein diet<\/li>\n<li>Drugs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Glucose<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Negative<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Diabetes mellitus<\/li>\n<li>Gestational diabetes<\/li>\n<li>Cushing\u2019s syndrome<\/li>\n<li>Fanconi\u2019s syndrome<\/li>\n<li>Multiple myeloma<\/li>\n<li>Pheochromocytoma<\/li>\n<li>Stress<\/li>\n<li>Drugs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Ketones<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Negative<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Alcoholism<\/li>\n<li>Anorexia<\/li>\n<li>Diabetes mellitus<\/li>\n<li>Diarrhea<\/li>\n<li>Fasting<\/li>\n<li>Fever<\/li>\n<li>Hyperthyroidism<\/li>\n<li>Pregnancy<\/li>\n<li>Starvation<\/li>\n<li>Vomiting<\/li>\n<li>Drugs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Urobilinogen<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Negative &lt;0.1<\/td>\n<td>Elevation:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Acute hepatitis<\/li>\n<li>Liver cirrhosis<\/li>\n<li>Cholangitis<\/li>\n<li>Hemolytic anemia<\/li>\n<li>Serious infection<\/li>\n<li>Ecchymoses<\/li>\n<li>Reduction<\/li>\n<li>Renal failure<\/li>\n<li>Diarrhea<\/li>\n<li>Biliary obstruction<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Bilirubin<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Negative<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Obstructive jaundice<\/li>\n<li>Hepatitis<\/li>\n<li>Liver cirrhosis<\/li>\n<li>Drugs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Hemoglobin<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Negative<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Acute tubular necrosis<\/li>\n<li>Benign prostate hypertrophy<\/li>\n<li>Hemorrhagic cystitis<\/li>\n<li>Pyelonephritis<\/li>\n<li>Urine infection<\/li>\n<li>Glomerulonephritis<\/li>\n<li>Drugs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\"><strong>Microscopic characteristics<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>White blood cells<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>0-2 per optical field<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Urine infection<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Red blood cells<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>0-2 per optical field<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Urine infection<\/li>\n<li>Acute tubular necrosis<\/li>\n<li>Benign prostatic hypertrophy<\/li>\n<li>Hemorrhagic cystitis<\/li>\n<li>Pyelonephritis<\/li>\n<li>Glomerulonephritis<\/li>\n<li>Drugs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Bacteria<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Rarely present<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Urine infection<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Epithelia<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Rarely present<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Urine infection<\/li>\n<li>Vaginal excretions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Casts<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Rarely present<\/td>\n<td>Leukocytic:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pyelonephritis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Epithelial:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Acute tubular necrosis<\/li>\n<li>Eclampsia<\/li>\n<li>Heavy metal poisoning<\/li>\n<li>Interstitial nephritis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Erythrocytic:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Glomerulopathy<\/li>\n<li>Vasculitis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Hyaline:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Strenuous exercise<\/li>\n<li>Chronic renal failure<\/li>\n<li>Congestive heart failure<\/li>\n<li>Proteinuria<\/li>\n<li>Malignant hypertension<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Granular:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Renal failure<\/li>\n<li>Glomerulonephritis<\/li>\n<li>Malignant hypertension<\/li>\n<li>Pyelonephritis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Fatty:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Chronic renal disease<\/li>\n<li>Diabetes mellitus<\/li>\n<li>Hypothyroidism<\/li>\n<li>Nephrotic syndrome<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Crystals<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Rarely present<\/td>\n<td><em>ACIDIC URINE<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Uric acid crystals:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nephrolithiasi<\/li>\n<li>Acute\u00a0 nephropathy resulting from lymphoproliferative or myeloproliferative disorders.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Calcium oxalate crystals:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Chronic renal disease<\/li>\n<li>Nephrolithiasis<\/li>\n<li>Acute renal failure<\/li>\n<li>Idiopathic hyperoxaluria<\/li>\n<li>After consumption of chocolate or nuts<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Cystine crystals:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cystinuria<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Tyrosine crystals:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tyrosinemia<\/li>\n<li>Hepatic disease<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Leucine crystals:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hepatic disease<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>ALKALINE URINE<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Calcium phosphate crystals<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Diet high in calcium<\/li>\n<li>Urine infection<\/li>\n<li>Thyroid gland diseases<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ammonium urate crystals:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>No clinical significance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Urinary tract infections caused by urease producing microorganisms such as Proteus, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Additional information<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The first urine voided in the morning is preferred because of its high condensation as well as its acidic pH, factors that help preserve all urine elements.<\/li>\n<li>The sample must be collected in the middle of urination because, this way, the possibility of contamination with epithelial cells and bacteria carried away from the urethra at the beginning of urination, is reduced.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Urine analysis is a frequent and important test, performed during a routine check-up, for diagnostic purposes, during pregnancy as well as pre-operatively.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":33257,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[55],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32907","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-list-of-exams"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/labcare.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32907","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/labcare.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/labcare.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/labcare.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/labcare.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=32907"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/labcare.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32907\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":33511,"href":"http:\/\/labcare.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32907\/revisions\/33511"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/labcare.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/33257"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/labcare.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=32907"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/labcare.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=32907"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/labcare.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=32907"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}